Early life nutrition

One gut, a lifetime of opportunity

Powered by GOS and HMOs – How infant formula makers can leverage the magic of the
microbiome to unleash infant health benefits linked to immunity, digestive comfort, brain
development and healthy growth.

Our belief

The gut plays an important role in the health and well-being of infants. Early life gut development and maturation is needed to ensure a first line of defence against threats from the external environment¹, microbiota development², proper digestion and absorption of nutrients³, and development of the immune system⁴.

Gut health feeds into many different aspects of health in early life and finds its basis in the colonisation of the gut with beneficial micro-organisms, i.e. the establishment of the infant’s gut microbiota².

A ‘microbiota’ is defined as a collection of micro-organisms residing within a specific part of the body, for instance the gut. Together, all micro-organisms and their activities in various parts of the human body are termed the ‘microbiome’. The development of the gut microbiota in early life has been associated with long-term health effects, highlighting the importance of offering nutritional solutions that can support gut health in infants.

In breast-fed infants, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) steer the development of the gut microbiota. HMOs are non-digestible carbohydrates that are fermented by specific bacteria in the infant gut, thereby providing optimal conditions for the growth of beneficial bacteria that support gut health. So far, over 200 HMO varieties have been identified in human milk, including 2’-Fucosyllactose (2’-FL), 3’-Sialyllactose (3’-SL) and Lacto-N-Tetraose (LNT), each of which is expected to have its own potential benefits for infant gut health⁷⁻¹². Alongside HMOs, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), a complex mixture of over 100 oligosaccharides¹³ that is derived from an enzymatic conversion of lactose from cow’s milk, consists of similar building blocks as HMOs and is recognised for its positive impact on the gut microbiota¹⁴.

At FrieslandCampina Ingredients, we believe that delivering a larger variety of non-digestible oligosaccharides, e.g. a combination of GOS and HMOs, can be of key importance for the establishment of the gut microbiota and its metabolism, thereby feeding into many different health aspects in early life and beyond. As a unique provider of both GOS and HMO solutions, we can offer a wider diversity of structures to bring the concept of gut health to the next level.

‘One gut, a lifetime of opportunity’

For more information: [download our ‘Gut health’ 2-pager]

Benefit areas linked to gut health

Creating the right environment for beneficial bacteria to grow in the infant gut has been shown to support gut health and other aspects of health and well-being, both in early life as well as later in life²⁺⁵. Four key benefit areas have been identified where the gut microbiota plays an important role in supporting health:

 

Immunity

‘One gut, a lifetime of immune health benefits’

In early life, the infant’s immune system has not fully developed and matured yet. Protective immunoglobulins received from the mother during the final stage of pregnancy, as well as protective components in human milk, are important to safeguard the infant’s health. A healthy gut microbiota is of key importance during immune development, since ~70% of the immune system is active in the gut¹⁵.

HMOs have been shown to support the development of the immune system via the growth of beneficial bacteria¹⁶. Furthermore, immune development in early life can be supported by strengthening the gut barrier, inhibiting pathogen binding, and modulating the immune response¹⁶.

GOS and HMOs (2’-FL, LNT, 3-Fucosyllactose [3-FL]) serve as substrates for the growth of bifidobacteria⁷⁻¹⁰, leading to the production of metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)¹⁷. SCFAs can lower the gut pH¹⁴, which further enables the growth of beneficial bacteria¹⁴, and interact with cells of the immune system¹⁷. Furthermore, the growth of beneficial bacteria can crowd out potentially pathogenic bacteria through a competitive advantage¹⁴⁺¹⁸⁺¹⁹.

Specific health outcomes in clinical trials where a reduced incidence of infections was observed have been connected to the presence of GOS in infant formula²⁰⁺²¹. In a study using a formula supplemented with 2’-FL + Lacto-N-neoTetraose (LNnT), the supplemented HMOs increased the number of infants with a gut microbiota composition high in Bifidobacteriaceae. These high Bifidobacteriaceae levels were associated with a decreased risk of requiring antibiotics¹⁹.

Our next HMO on offer, after 2’-FL, will be LNT. LNT is a highly abundant²² neutral core HMO in human milk and has been recognised for its bifidogenic10 and anti-pathogenic activity in vitro¹¹⁺¹².

For more information: [download our ‘Gut-immune health’ 2-pager]

Digestive comfort

‘One gut, a lifetime of digestive health’

In early life, the gastrointestinal tract of infants has not reached a matured stage yet. The digestion and absorption of food can be suboptimal, leading to complaints of gut discomfort in otherwise healthy infants²³. According to FrieslandCampina Ingredients’ and Innova Market Insights’ recent consumer research, the most frequent symptoms reported by parents of infants (0–1 years) are related to gut discomfort²⁴. Moreover, stool consistency and frequency can be altered in formula-fed infants as compared to breast-fed infants²⁵. Overall, gut discomfort often leads to crying and fussing behaviour among infants, which puts pressure on parents and caretakers²³. Solutions to support gut comfort through functional ingredients in infant formula are therefore of key interest.

Increased digestive comfort has been observed in formula-fed infants who received a GOS supplemented formula (4g/L). This improved stool consistency and transit time²⁶⁺²⁷. The underlying mechanisms of action are considered to involve the infant’s gut microbiota, which is positively influenced by GOS¹⁴⁺²⁶.

At FrieslandCampina, we aim to improve and validate our research methods continuously. This has led to a partnership with Wageningen University & Research, Emma’s Children’s Hospital and Sensus to validate the modified Bristol Stool Form Scale (mBSFS) for use in young children. The modified scale can be used by Dutch-speaking parents and caretakers of both toilet-trained and non-toilet-trained toddlers to assess stool consistency and monitor digestive comfort and health²⁸.

For more information: [download our ‘Gut-Digestive health’ 2-pager]

Brain

‘One gut, a lifetime of cognitive health support’

The first year of life is a time of momentous development for the human brain²⁹. Babies start to explore their world and are initiating social interactions. According to new consumer research, more than 50% of parents are concerned about their infant’s cognitive development²⁴. As we learn more and more about the connection between the gut and the brain – the so-called gut-brain axis³⁰, we believe that nutrition is of key importance at this vulnerable stage in life.

Fermentation of non-digestible oligosaccharides by the gut microbiota leads to the release of metabolites like SCFAs and neurotransmitters³¹. By using specific gut-brain pathways, these components can have a direct or indirect influence on neuro-cognitive development and brain function³⁰⁺³².

HMOs are non-digestible carbohydrates that are recognised for their support of the growth of beneficial bacteria in the infant gut¹⁶. Among the HMOs identified to date, 2’-FL is the most abundant type in human milk⁷. 2’-FL has been associated positively with cognitive outcomes and motor skill scores in 18-month-old children³³. In addition, 3’-SL and 6’-SL belong to the acidic type of oligosaccharides named sialyllactoses. These contain sialic acid that is involved in brain development in early life³⁴. 3’-SL has been associated positively with language development in infants³⁵, whereas 6’-SL has been associated positively with cognitive and motor skill scores in 18-month-old children³³. Next to the potential effects of oligosaccharides on infant neurodevelopment, studies also suggest that oligosaccharides can impact mood and well-being: a recent study on GOS supplementation showed a reduction in symptoms of stress and anxiety in a highly anxious group of young adults³⁶.

Bringing these scientific insights together, FrieslandCampina Ingredients is developing a new GOS solution, Vivinal® GOS-SL, that contains sialyllactose structures. This solution may allow us to tap into the cognitive benefits of oligosaccharide supplementation during early life development.

For more information: [download our ‘Gut-Brain health’ 2-pager]

Growth and Development

‘One gut, a lifetime of healthy growth’

Early life nutrition is of key importance during periods of rapid growth and development. Next to the building blocks and energy derived from macronutrients, micronutrients are essential for the normal development of e.g. bones and tissues. Specifically, calcium and phosphorus are needed in sufficient quantities to ensure bone development in early life, whereas iron and zinc contribute to normal cognitive function³⁷⁻³⁹. Micronutrient deficiencies are not always visible, but can have a lifelong impact on health.

Calcium and iron deficiencies are among the most prevalent in children⁴⁰. The risk of a deficiency can be partially mitigated by a healthy diet that includes food groups that are naturally high in – or fortified with – these micronutrients. However, micronutrients used to fortify foods can have limited bioavailability. The absorption of iron supplements, for instance, is generally poor⁴¹. GOS has been shown to enhance the solubility of minerals in the gut, thereby enhancing their absorption. It has been postulated that the responsible mechanism of action is the reduction of the gut pH by microbiota fermentation of GOS resulting in SCFA formation⁴². GOS has been shown to enhance the absorption of calcium (5g of GOS/day) in young girls⁴³ and iron (7.5g of GOS/day) in infants⁴⁴. In the latter study, GOS simultaneously mitigated the adverse effects of iron supplements on gut microbiota composition disturbance and infection risk⁴⁵. So far, GOS is the only oligosaccharide ingredient that has been shown to have clinically proven effects on iron absorption in children⁴⁴.

Our newly developed ingredient Vivinal® GOS Nutri can support mineral absorption in young children⁴³⁺⁴⁴. The unique light process that we use preserves the naturally occurring minerals and makes Vivinal® GOS Nutri an ingredient that is both suitable and affordable for Young Child Formula (YCF) applications.

For more information: [download our ‘Gut-Healthy Growth’ 2-pager]

Download the 2-pagers

Immunity

For more information download the 'Gut-Immune health' 2-pager

Read more
Read more about Immunity

Digestion

For more information download the 'Gut-Digestive health' 2-pager

Read more
Read more about Digestion

Brain

For more information download the 'Gut-Brain health' 2-pager

Read more
Read more about Brain

Growth and Development

For more information download the 'Gut-Healthy growth' 2-pager

Read more
Read more about Growth and Development

Insights from Parents and Health Care Professionals

Today’s parents are health-conscious and highly informed. Together with Innova Market Insights, FrieslandCampina Ingredients conducted a consumer insights survey among parents from seven countries: USA, Brazil, UK, France, Germany, China and Indonesia (n=750 per country)²⁴. At FrieslandCampina Ingredients, we leverage a combination of deep consumer understanding and industry insight to create high-quality ingredient solutions for infant formula manufacturers.

The research revealed that 55% of parents worldwide are concerned about their child’s gut health, with the highest percentage observed among Chinese parents (85%). Parents mostly associate ‘gut health’ with digestive health, while >40% also associate it with immunity, growth and development as well as cognitive function.

For many parents, health care professionals (HCPs) are the key source of advice where optimal nutrition for their infant is concerned. Together with partners Presans and Einerhand Science & Innovation, FrieslandCampina Ingredients conducted an insights survey among paediatricians, neonatologists and dietitians in the UK, USA and China to investigate the future direction of infant nutrition according to HCPs⁴⁶.

Overall, the majority of paediatricians and neonatologists (65%) are conscious about the importance of the gut microbiota in supporting children’s health. HCPs acknowledged DHA, GOS, lactoferrin, 2’-FL and ARA as the most important functional ingredients for infant formula, amongst which GOS and 2’-FL are most strongly associated with gut microbiota and gut health.

For more information: [download our HCP insights study infographic] and [download our parental insights study infographic]

Why FrieslandCampina Ingredients?

 

At FrieslandCampina Ingredients, it is our mission to create and deliver ingredient solutions that are trusted globally to nourish infants to the best extent when breastfeeding is not an option. We believe that a large variety of oligosaccharide structures can offer a wide range of benefits centered around gut health, since each oligosaccharide is expected to have specific modes of action.

FrieslandCampina Ingredients is unique in offering both GOS and HMO* solutions, thereby providing the opportunity to increase and diversify the total oligosaccharide composition of infant milk formulas. More than 200 HMO structures have been identified in human milk, inspiring infant milk formula manufacturers to expand their oligosaccharide offerings. GOS is a complex mixture of over 100 oligosaccharides derived from the enzymatic conversion of lactose¹³. Moreover, GOS is built up from glucose and galactose, which are also building blocks of HMOs. Adding GOS and HMOs creates a more structurally complete formula suggested to target a wider range of health benefits starting in the gut.

As a result, we are expanding our portfolio with the next generation of HMOs: with 2’-FL already on offer, we are adding LNT and 3’-SL. Our ambition to evolve our prebiotic** solutions continuously has also prompted us to develop the next generation of GOS, with a specific focus on SL structures.

Our offerings are supported by high-quality research and designed to enrich a broad range of formula propositions, from affordable to ultra-premium solutions. Backed up by over 75 years of experience in production and research in early life nutrition, we are a proud global leader in the infant milk formula ingredients industry.

 

Are you inspired to learn more about our ingredient solutions? Get in touch today! 

Ingredients on offer

 

Vivinal® GOS

Vivinal® GOS is a galacto-oligosaccharide ingredient produced from high quality lactose using an enzymatic production technology. Scientific studies have shown positive effects of GOS on the growth of bifidobacteria¹⁴⁺⁴⁷, stool consistency²⁶⁺²⁷, immune defenses²⁰⁺⁴⁸⁻⁵⁰  and mineral absorption⁴³⁺⁴⁴⁺⁵¹. 

 

Vivinal® GOS Nutri

Vivinal® GOS NutriVivinal® GOS is a galacto-oligosaccharide ingredient produced from whey permeate that can support mineral absorption in young children⁴³⁺⁴⁴⁺⁵². The unique light process applied preserves the naturally occurring minerals and makes Vivinal® GOS Nutri an ingredient that is both suitable and affordable for young child formula applications. 

 

 

Aequival® 2’-FL

Aequival 2’-FL is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) ingredient produced with fermentation technology using lactose as a substrate. 2’-FL is the most abundant HMO in human milk⁵³ and scientific research has shown that it can stimulate the growth of beneficial Bifidobacteria in the gut as well as reduce the risk of infection⁵⁴⁺⁵⁵.

 

 

Aequival® LNT

 Aequival LNT is a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) ingredient produced with fermentation technology using lactose as a substrate. LNT is the most abundant neutral non-fucosylated HMO in human milk⁵⁶. Findings from pre-clinical studies suggest that LNT can contribute to enhancing Bifidobacteria in the gut10 and reducing infections with specific pathogens¹¹⁺⁵⁷⁺⁵⁸.

Breastfeeding is the best nutrition for the healthy growth and development of babies. This information is intended for B2B professionals only. Potential consumer benefits are not to be considered as health claims. They should be considered as potential leads that might be developed into health claims that comply with the local legal requirements.

References

* Human milk oligosaccharides, not from human milk.
** The scientific definition of a prebiotic is ‘a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit’. Gibson GR, et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Aug;14(8):491-502. Whether the claim ‘prebiotic’ can be used on consumer products depends on local legislation.

  1. Kelly D, King T, Aminov R. Importance of microbial colonization of the gut in early life to the development of immunity.Mutat Res Mol Mech Mutagen. 2007;622(1):58-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.03.011 
  2. Zhuang L, Chen H, Zhang S, Zhuang J, Li Q, Feng Z. Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life and Its Implications on Childhood Health.Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics. 2019;17(1):13-25. doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2018.10.002 
  3. Hamosh M. Digestion in the Newborn.Clin Perinatol. 1996;23(2):191-209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30238-0 
  4. Martin R, Nauta AJ, Ben Amor K, Knippels LMJ, Knol J, Garssen J. Early life: Gut microbiota and immune development in infancy.Benef Microbes. Published online 2010. doi:10.3920/BM2010.0027 
  5. Sarkar A, Yoo JY, Valeria Ozorio Dutra S, Morgan KH, Groer M. The Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota and Long-Term Health and Diseases.J Clin Med . 2021;10(3). doi:10.3390/jcm10030459 
  6. German J, Freeman S, Lebrilla C, Mills D. Human milk oligosaccharides: Evolution, structures and bioselectivity as substrates for intestinal bacteria. In:Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program. ; 2008. doi:10.1159/000146322 
  7. Yu ZT, Chen C, Kling DE, et al. The principal fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk exhibit prebiotic properties on cultured infant microbiota.Glycobiology. Published online 2013. doi:10.1093/glycob/cws138 
  8. Watson D, O’Connell Motherway M, Schoterman MHC, van Neerven RJJ, Nauta A, Van Sinderen D. Selective carbohydrate utilization by lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.J Appl Microbiol. Published online 2013. doi:10.1111/jam.12105 
  9. Salli K, Hirvonen J, Siitonen J, Ahonen I, Anglenius H, Maukonen J. Selective Utilization of the Human Milk Oligosaccharides 2′-Fucosyllactose, 3-Fucosyllactose, and Difucosyllactose by Various Probiotic and Pathogenic Bacteria.J Agric Food Chem. Published online 2021. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06041 
  10. Asakuma S, Hatakeyama E, Urashima T, et al. Physiology of consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant gut-associated bifidobacteria.J Biol Chem. Published online 2011. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.248138 
  11. Lin AE, Autran CA, Szyszka A, et al. Human milk oligosaccharides inhibit growth of group B Streptococcus.J Biol Chem. Published online 2017. doi:10.1074/jbc.M117.789974 
  12. Bode L, Jantscher-Krenn E. Structure-function relationships of human milk oligosaccharides.Adv Nutr. Published online 2012. doi:10.3945/an.111.001404 
  13. Logtenberg MJ, Donners KMH, Vink JCM, et al. Touching the high complexity of prebiotic Vivinal galacto-oligosaccharides using UHPLC-PGC-MS.J Agric Food Chem. Published online 2020. 
  14. Ben XM, Li J, Feng ZT, et al. Low level of galacto-oligosaccharide in infant formula stimulates growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli.World J Gastroenterol. Published online 2008. doi:10.3748/wjg.14.6564 
  15. Wiertsema SP, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ. The Interplay between the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System in the Context of Infectious Diseases throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Optimizing Treatment Strategies.Nutr . 2021;13(3). doi:10.3390/nu13030886 
  16. Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides: Every baby needs a sugar mama.Glycobiology. Published online 2012. doi:10.1093/glycob/cws074 
  17. van der Hee B, Wells JM. Microbial Regulation of Host Physiology by Short-chain Fatty Acids.Trends Microbiol. 2021;29(8):700-712. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.02.001 
  18. Giovannini M, Verduci E, Gregori D, et al. Prebiotic Effect of an Infant Formula Supplemented with Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Randomized Multicenter Trial.J Am Coll Nutr. Published online 2014. doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.878232 
  19. Berger B, Porta N, Foata F, et al. Linking human milk oligosaccharides, infant fecal community types, and later risk to require antibiotics.MBio. Published online 2020. doi:10.1128/mBio.03196-19 
  20. Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Boehm G. Early supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides protects formula-fed infants against infections during the first 6 months of life.J Nutr. Published online 2007. doi:10.1093/jn/137.11.2420 
  21. Ranucci G, Buccigrossi V, Borgia E, et al. Galacto-oligosaccharide/polidextrose enriched formula protects against respiratory infections in infants at high risk of atopy: A randomized clinical trial.Nutrients. Published online 2018. doi:10.3390/nu10030286 
  22. Parschat K, Melsaether C, Jäpelt KR, Jennewein S. Clinical Evaluation of 16-Week Supplementation with 5HMO-Mix in Healthy-Term Human Infants to Determine Tolerability, Safety, and Effect on Growth.Nutrients. 2021;13(2871):1-19. 
  23. Iacono G, Merolla R, D’Amico D, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy: A population-based prospective study.Dig Liver Dis. Published online 2005. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2005.01.009 
  24. Innova Market Insights. FrieslandCampina Ingredients Early Life Nutrition Consumer Insight Survey.; 2020.
  25. Moretti E, Rakza T, Mestdagh B, Labreuche J, Turck D. The bowel movement characteristics of exclusively breastfed and exclusively formula fed infants differ during the first three months of life.Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. Published online 2019. doi:10.1111/apa.14620 
  26. Sierra C, Bernal MJ, Blasco J, et al. Prebiotic effect during the first year of life in healthy infants fed formula containing GOS as the only prebiotic: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial.Eur J Nutr. Published online 2015. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0689-9 
  27. Williams T, Choe Y, Price P, et al. Tolerance of formulas containing prebiotics in healthy, term infants.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Published online 2014. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000513 
  28. Wegh CAM, Hermes GDA, Schoterman MHC, et al. The Modified Bristol Stool Form Scale: A Reliable and Valid Tool to Score Stool Consistency in Dutch (Non)Toilet-trained Toddlers.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. Published online 2021. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000003186 
  29. Knickmeyer RC, Gouttard S, Kang C, et al. A Structural MRI Study of Human Brain Development from Birth to 2 Years.J Neurosci. 2008;28(47):12176 LP – 12182. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3479-08.2008 
  30. Silva YP, Bernardi A, Frozza RL. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). Published online 2020. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00025 
  31. Ratsika A, Codagnone MC, O’mahony S, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Priming for life: Early life nutrition and the microbiota-gut-brain axis.Nutrients. Published online 2021. doi:10.3390/nu13020423 
  32. Liu F, Li J, Wu F, Zheng H, Peng Q, Zhou H. Altered composition and function of intestinal microbiota in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Transl Psychiatry. Published online 2019. doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0389-6 
  33. Oliveros E, Martin M, Torres-Espinola FJ, et al. Human Milk Levels of 2´-Fucosyllactose and 6´-Sialyllactose are Positively Associated with Infant Neurodevelopment and are Not Impacted by Maternal BMI or Diabetic Status.Nutr Food Sci. Published online January 21, 2021. 
  34. Wang B. Molecular mechanism underlying sialic acid as an essential nutrient for brain development and cognition.Adv Nutr. Published online 2012. doi:10.3945/an.112.001875 
  35. Cho S, Zhu Z, Li T, et al. Human milk 3’-Sialyllactose is positively associated with language development during infancy.Am J Clin Nutr. Published online 2021. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab103 
  36. Johnstone N, Milesi C, Burn O, et al. Anxiolytic effects of a galacto-oligosaccharides prebiotic in healthy females (18–25 years) with corresponding changes in gut bacterial composition.Sci Rep. Published online 2021. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87865-w 
  37. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to magnesium and electrolyte balance (ID 238), energy-yielding metabolism (ID 240, 247, 248), neurotransmission and muscle con.EFSA J. 2009;(7):1-20. 
  38. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to iron and formation of red blood cells and haemoglobin, oxygen transport, energy-yielding metabolism, function of the immune.EFSA J. 2009;(7):1-20. 
  39. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies. Calcium and bone growth – Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to calcium and bone growth pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 – Scientific Opinion of the Panel on D.EFSA J. 2008;(6):1-11. 
  40. De Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Cogswell M. WHO | Worldwide prevalence on anaemia 1993-2005.Who. Published online 2008. 
  41. Tondeur MC, Schauer CS, Christofides AL, et al. Determination of iron absorption from intrinsically labeled microencapsulated ferrous fumarate (sprinkles) in infants with different iron and hematologic status by using a dual-stable-isotope method.Am J Clin Nutr. Published online 2004. doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1436 
  42. Whisner CM, Castillo LF. Prebiotics, Bone and Mineral Metabolism.Calcif Tissue Int. Published online 2018. doi:10.1007/s00223-017-0339-3 
  43. Whisner CM, Martin BR, Schoterman MHC, et al. Galacto-oligosaccharides increase calcium absorption and gut bifidobacteria in young girls: A double-blind cross-over trial.Br J Nutr. Published online 2013. doi:10.1017/S000711451300055X 
  44. Paganini D, Uyoga MA, Cercamondi CI, et al. Consumption of galacto-oligosaccharides increases iron absorption from a micronutrient powder containing ferrous fumarate and sodium iron EDTA: A stable-isotope study in Kenyan infants.Am J Clin Nutr. Published online 2017. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.145060 
  45. Paganini D, Uyoga MA, Kortman GAM, et al. Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides mitigate the adverse effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiome: A randomised controlled study in Kenyan infants.Gut. Published online 2017. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314418 
  46. Healthcare Professional Survey; FrieslandCampina, Presans & Einerhand Science & Innovation; USA, UK, CN; N=5-7 per Country.; 2021.
  47. Fanaro S, Marten B, Bagna R, et al. Galacto-oligosaccharides are bifidogenic and safe at weaning: a double-blind randomized multicenter study.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48(1):82-88. Accessed March 15, 2015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19172129 
  48. Sinclair HR, De Slegte J, Gibson GR, Rastall RA. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) inhibit vibrio cholerae toxin binding to its GM1 receptor.J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(8):3113-3119. doi:10.1021/jf8034786 
  49. Shoaf K, Mulvey GL, Armstrong GD, Hutkins RW. Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides reduce adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tissue culture cells.Infect Immun. 2006;74(12):6920-6928. doi:10.1128/IAI.01030-06 
  50. Bakker-Zierikzee AM, Tol EAF, Kroes H, Alles MS, Kok FJ, Bindels JG. Faecal SIgA secretion in infants fed on pre- or probiotic infant formula.Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17(2):134-140. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00370.x 
  51. Van den Heuvel EGHM, Schoterman MHC, Muijs T. Transgalactooligosaccharides Stimulate Calcium Absorption in Postmenopausal Women.J Nutr. 2000;130:2938-2942. 
  52. Weaver CM, Martin BR, Nakatsu CH, et al. Galactooligosaccharides improve mineral absorption and bone properties in growing rats through gut fermentation.J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59(12):6501-6510. doi:10.1021/jf2009777 
  53. Chaturvedi P, Warren CD, Altaye M, et al. Fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides vary between individuals and over the course of lactation.Glycobiology. 2001;11(5):365-372. 
  54. Weichert S, Jennewein S, Hüfner E, et al. Bioengineered 2’-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose inhibit the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enteric pathogens to human intestinal and respiratory cell lines.Nutr Res. 2013;33(10):831-838. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.07.009 
  55. Morrow AL, Ruiz-Palacios GM, Altaye M, et al. Human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against diarrhea in breast-fed infants.J Pediatr. 2004;145(3):297-303. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.04.054 
  56. Soyyilmaz B, Mikš MH, Röhrig CH, Matwiejuk M, Meszarosmatwiejuk A, Vigsnæs LK. The mean of milk: A review of human milk oligosaccharide concentrations throughout lactation.Nutrients. 2021;13(8):1-22. doi:10.3390/nu13082737 
  57. Jantscher-Krenn E, Lauwaet T, Bliss LA, Reed SL, Gillin FD, Bode L. Human milk oligosaccharides reduce Entamoeba histolytica attachment and cytotoxicity in vitro.Br J Nutr. 2012;108(10):1839-1846. doi:10.1017/S0007114511007392 
  58. Craft KM, Thomas HC, Townsend S. Sialylated Variants of Lacto-N-Tetraose Exhibit Antimicrobial Activity Against Group B Streptococcus.Org Biomol Chem. 2019;17(7):1893-1900. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2018/OB/C8OB02080A 

"*" indicates required fields

Hidden
Hidden
Hidden
Hidden
Hidden
Would you like to stay informed with relevant updates and insights?*

FrieslandCampina processes your data in line with its privacy policy.

This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.
Please wait, the form is being loaded...