Methods
Thirty-six healthy, young men performed a single bout of endurance-type exercise in the evening (19:45 h) after a full day of dietary standardization. Thirty min prior to sleep (23:30 h), subjects ingested 45 g casein protein, 45 g whey protein, or a noncaloric placebo. Continuous intravenous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied, with blood and muscle tissue samples being collected to assess overnight mitochondrial and myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Overnight muscle protein synthesis rates were compared between treatments with a one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni correction.