Is muscle loss a GLP-1 side effect?
Losing weight while maintaining lean body mass is often a key priority for GLP-1 users. Recent research has shown that GLP-1 drugs help people lower overall calorie intake (by around 20%), which can be effective for weight loss. However, findings suggest that the balance of nutrients consumed may shift, with protein intake sometimes falling short. Since protein is vital for muscle growth and repair,
Johnson, B., Milstead, M., Thomas, O., McGlasson, T., Green, L., Kreider, R. and Jones, R. (2025). Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1566498.
this is an important consideration. Some studies have even found that 40-60% of total GLP-1-supported weight loss may come from reductions in lean muscle mass— highlighting the importance of a well-rounded nutritional approach to support long-term health and wellness
Neeland IJ, Linge J, Birkenfeld AL. Changes in lean body mass with glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies and mitigation strategies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024 Sep;26 Suppl 4:16-27. doi: 10.1111/dom.15728. Epub 2024 Jun 27. PMID: 38937282.
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There’s a rising opportunity for producers to develop companion products that deliver high-quality protein for GLP-1 users. Not only can increased protein consumption help medication users build long-term health and well-being, but it has also been linked to enhanced satiety during and after GLP-1 usage.
Winzeler, Bettina, Clara O. Sailer, David Coynel, Davide Zanchi, Deborah R. Vogt, Sandrine A. Urwyler, Julie Refardt, and Mirjam Christ-Crain. 2021.
Though most proteins will offer some benefits, casein is the source that really stands out as a complement to GLP-1 treatments.
In contrast to whey protein —the typically cited ‘gold-standard’— casein protein provides a slower and steadier release of amino acids over time,
Reitelseder et al., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab , 2011
providing longer lasting support for muscle protein synthesis.
Lacroix, M., Bos, C., Léonil, J., Airinei, G., Luengo, C., Daré, S., Benamouzig, R., Fouillet, H., Fauquant, J., Tomé, D. and Gaudichon, C. (2006). Compared with casein or total milk protein, digestion of milk soluble proteins is too rapid to sustain the anabolic postprandial amino acid requirement. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 84(5), pp.1070–1079.
What’s more, calcium caseinate protein boasts higher levels of several essential amino acids – histidine, methionine, phenylalanine and valine – than whey protein, making it an even more powerful partner for maintaining and nourishing the tissues GLP-1 users don’t want to lose.
Gorissen, S.H.M., Crombag, J.J.R., Senden, J.M.G. et al. Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids 50, 1685–1695 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5
Church DD, Hirsch KR, Park S, Kim IY, Gwin JA, Pasiakos SM, Wolfe EE, Ferrando AA. Essential amino acids and protein synthesis: Insights into maximizing the muscle and whole-body response to feeding. Nutrients. 2020 dec 2;12(12):3717. Doi: 10.3390/NU12123717. Pmid: 33276485; Pmcid: PMC7760188.